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civilian guard

Толкование Перевод

1 civilian guard

Военный термин: караульная охрана гражданскими лицами

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > civilian guard
2 civilian guard

караульная охрана гражданскими лицами

English-Russian military dictionary > civilian guard
3 guard

караул; охрана; охранение; охраняющее подразделение; караульный; часовой; корабли охранения; предохранительное устройство; защита; защитное приспособление; дежурство [слушание] приемной радиостанции ( на определенной волне) ; радиовахта; pl. Бр. гвардия; охранять; предохранять; ограждать; караульный; гвардейский

on guard! — к бою! (команда)

— Active National guard

— advance guard

— advanced guard

— Air Force Home guard

— air guard

— Air National guard

— aircraft security guard

— Army National guard

— AT guard

— barracks guard

— catch off guard

— change the guards

— civilian guard

— coast guard

— commander's body guard

— compound guard

— conduct a guard

— constant guard

— convoy guard

— custodial guard

— demolition guard

— detail guard

— escort guard

— exterior guard

— find guard

— fixed guard

— flank advanced guard

— flank security guard

— Foot guards

— form guard

— frontier guard

— furnish guard

— guard of honor

— guard of the color

— guard of the standard

— Horse guard

— Inactive National guard

— incoming guard

— interior guard

— mail guard

— main guard

— mount guard

— MP escort guard

— National guard

— new guard

— old guard

— outgoing guard

— overhead guard

— perimeter guard

— prisoner guard

— pull the guard

— PW labor detail guard

— ramp guard

— rear guard

— road guard

— roving guard

— run the guard

— running guard

— security guard

— sentry guard

— set the guard

— short guard

— special guard

— stand guard

— standing guard

— temporary guard

— tower guard

— train guard

— trigger guard

— turn out the guard

— US Coast guard

— waiting guard

— water guards

English-Russian military dictionary > guard
4 director

начальник (управления, службы, отдела) ; руководитель; директор; ( центральный) прибор управления огнем; прибор управления артиллерийским зенитным огнем, ПУАЗО; целеуказатель; оператор наведения; пункт [самолет, корабль] наведения; ретранслятор; буссоль

Assistant director, Review and Analysis — помощник начальника управления по проверке и анализу (контрактов) (МО)

Deputy CIA director, Essential Elements of Information — заместитель директора ЦРУ по постановке основных задач сбора разведывательной информации

Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Administration, Evaluation and Management — заместитель начальника управления НИОКР МО по административным вопросам, вопросам оценки и управления

Deputy director, Contract Administration Services — заместитель начальника службы по контролю за исполнением контрактов (МО)

Deputy director, Strategic and Naval Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по стратегическим и морским системам оружия (МО)

Deputy director, Tactical Air and Land Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по тактическим авиационным и наземным системам оружия (МО)

Deputy director, Test Facilities and Resources — заместитель начальника управления по испытательному оборудованию и ресурсам (МО)

director EW and C3 Countermeasures — начальник управления РЭБ и мер противодействия системам руководства, управления и связи (МО)

director for C3 Policy — начальник управления разработки программ руководства, управления и связи (МО)

director for Operations, Joint Staff — начальник оперативного управления объединенного штаба (КНШ)

director for Plans and Policy, Joint Staff — начальник управления планирования и строительства ВС объединенного штаба;

director of Administrative Services, Joint Staff — начальник административного управления объединенного штаба

director of C2 and Telecommunications — начальник управления систем оперативного управления и связи

director of Civilian Marksmanship, National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice — начальник управления стрелковой подготовки гражданского персонала Национального комитета содействия развитию стрелкового спорта (СВ)

director of Manning (Army) — Бр. начальник управления комплектования (СВ)

director of Research, Development, Test and Evaluation — начальник управления НИОКР, испытаний и оценок

director, Acquisition and Support Planning — начальник управления закупок (военной техники) и планирования МТО (МО)

director, Administrative Support Group — начальник группы административного обеспечения (СВ)

director, Admiralty Marine Technology Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки боевой техники МП

director, Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки систем надводного оружия ВМС

director, African Region — начальник управления стран Африки (МО)

director, Air National Guard — директор штаба НГ ВВС

director, Air Vehicles Technology — начальник управления разработки авиационных транспортных систем (МО)

director, Air Warfare — начальник управления авиационных систем оружия (МО)

director, Army Air Corps — Бр. начальник управления армейской авиации СВ

director, Army Aviation — начальник управления армейской авиации

director, Army Council of Review Boards — председатель совета СВ по контролю за деятельностью апелляционных комиссий

director, Army Medical Services — Бр. начальник медицинской службы СВ

director, Army National Guard — директор штаба НГ СВ

director, Army Programs — начальник управления разработки программ СВ

director, C3 Resources — начальник управления разработки систем руководства, управления и связи (МО)

director, Chemical Defence Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ средств химической защиты

director, Civil Affairs — начальник управления по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением

director, Civilian Employees Security Program — начальник службы контрразведывательной проверки гражданского персонала (СВ)

director, Combat Support — начальник управления боевого обеспечения (МО)

director, Communications Systems — начальник управления систем связи (МО)

director, Contracts and Systems Acquisition — начальник управления заключения контрактов и закупок систем оружия и военной техники (МО)

director, Coordination and Analysis — начальник управления координации и анализа

director, Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs — начальник управления программ контрразведки и специальных расследований (МО)

director, Cruise Missile Systems — начальник управления систем КР (МО)

director, Defence Operational Analysis Establishment — Бр. начальник военнонаучного управления МО

director, Defense Research and Engineering — начальник управления НИОКР МО

director, Defense Sciences — начальник научно-исследовательского управления МО

director, Defense Supply Service-Washington — начальник службы снабжения зоны Вашингтона в МО

director, Defense Telephone Service-Washington — начальник телефонной службы зоны Вашингтона в МО

director, Defense Test and Evaluation — начальник управления МО по испытанию и оценке (оружия и военной техники)

director, DIA — начальник разведывательного управления МО

director, Directed Energy Programs — начальник управления программ использования направленной энергии (МО)

director, Doctrine, Organization and Training — начальник управления разработки доктрин, вопросов организации и боевой подготовки

director, DOD SALT Task Force — председатель рабочей группы МО по вопросам переговоров в рамках ОС В

director, East Asia and Pacific Region — начальник управления стран Восточной Азии и Тихого океана (МО)

director, Electronics and Physical Sciences — начальник управления по электронике и естественным наукам (МО)

director, Engineering Technology — начальник управления проектно-конструкторских работ (МО)

director, Environmental and Life Sciences — начальник управления экологических и биологических наук (МО)

director, Equipment Applications — начальник управления по изучению применения техники (в войсках)

director, Facilities Engineering — начальник инженерно-строительного управления

director, Far East/Middle East/Southern Hemisphere Affairs — начальник управления стран Дальнего Востока, Среднего Востока и Южного полушария (МО)

director, Federal Bureau of Investigation — директор ФБР

director, Field Maintenance — начальник службы полевого технического обслуживания и ремонта

director, Foreign Military Rights Affairs — начальник управления по делам прав иностранных государств в военной области (МО)

director, General Purpose Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов строительства сил общего назначения

director, Health Resources — начальник управления ресурсов здравоохранения

director, Information Processing Technique — начальник управления систем обработки информации (МО)

director, Information Security — начальник управления обеспечения секретности информации (МО)

director, Information Systems — начальник управления АИС

director, Installations — начальник управления строительства

director, Intelligence Resources — начальник управления изучения ресурсов разведки (МО)

director, Inter-American Region — начальник управления по межамериканским делам

director, International Economic Affairs — начальник управления по международным экономическим делам (МО)

director, International Military Staff — начальник международного объединенного штаба (НАТО)

director, Joint Staff — начальник секретариата объединенного штаба (КНШ)

director, Joint Tactical Communications (TRI-TAC) Program — начальник отдела работ по программе использования единой тактической системы связи (ТРИ-ТАК)

director, Judge Advocate Division — начальник отдела военно-юридической службы (МП)

director, Land Warfare — начальник управления наземных систем оружия (МО)

director, Legislative Liaison — начальник отдела по связям с законодательными органами (ВВС)

director, Legislative Reference Service — начальник справочной юридической службы (МО)

director, Major Weapon Systems Acquisition — начальник управления закупок основных систем оружия (МО)

director, Marine Corps Reserve — начальник отдела по вопросам резерва МП

director, Materiel Acquisition Policy — начальник управления разработки планов закупок оружия и военной техники (МО)

director, Materiel Requirements — начальник отдела определения потребностей в оружии и военной технике

director, Medical Plans and Resources — начальник управления ресурсов и планов медицинского обеспечения (ВВС)

director, Military Assistance Office — Бр. начальник управления по оказанию военной помощи иностранным государствам (СВ)

director, Military Survey — Бр. начальник топографического управления (СВ)

director, Military Technology — начальник управления военной технологии (МО)

director, Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment — Бр. начальник управления БМ и инженерной техники

director, National Intelligence Systems — начальник управления национальных систем разведки (МО)

director, NATO/European Affairs — начальник управления по делам НАТО и стран Европы (МО)

director, Naval Laboratories — начальник управления научно-исследовательских лабораторий ВМС

director, Near Eastern and South Asian Region — начальник управления стран Ближнего Востока и Южной Азии (МО)

director, Negotiations Policy — начальник управления разработки планов ведения переговоров (МО)

director, Net Assessment — начальник управления всесторонней оценки программ (МО)

director, NSA — директор АНБ

director, Offensive and Space Systems — начальник управления космических средств и систем наступательного оружия (МО)

director, Office of Congressional Travel/Security Clearances — начальник отдела организации поездок членов Конгресса и оформления допуска к секретным материалам (МО)

director, Office of Dependents Schools — начальник отдела по вопросам воспитания и образования детей военнослужащих (МО)

director, Office of Research and Administration — начальник управления НИР и административного обеспечения (МО)

director, Operations — начальник оперативного управления [отдела]

director, Personnel and Employment Service-Washington — начальник отдела кадров для гражданских служащих зоны Вашингтона (СВ)

director, Personnel Council — председатель совета по делам ЛС (ВВС)

director, Personnel Plans — начальник управления планирования подготовки ЛС (ВВС)

director, Personnel Programs — начальник управления разработки программ использования ЛС (ВВС)

director, Planning and Health Policy Analysis — начальник управления планирования и развития здравоохранения (МО)

director, Planning and Requirements Review — начальник управления планирования и анализа потребностей (МО)

director, Planning — начальник управления планирования (МО)

director, Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ

director, Policy Research — начальник управления политических исследований (МО)

director, Program Control and Administration — начальник управления по административным вопросам и контролю за выполнением программ

director, Program Management — начальник управления по руководству разработкой программ (МО)

director, R&D and Procurement — начальник отдела НИОКР и заготовок

director, Religious Education — руководитель отделения [секции] религиозного образования (СВ)

director, Resource Management Office — начальник отдела управления ресурсами (СВ)

director, Royal Aircraft Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ авиационной техники

director, Royal Armament R&D Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ вооружений

director, Royal Armored Corps — Бр. начальник бронетанковых войск

director, Royal Artillery — Бр. начальник артиллерийского управления

director, Royal Signals and Radar Establishments — Бр. директор НИЦ средств связи и РЛ техники

director, SALT/Arms Control Support Group — начальник группы обеспечения переговоров в рамках ОСВ по контролю над вооружениями

director, Security Assistance Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ военной помощи иностранным государствам

director, Security Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ обеспечения безопасности (МО)

director, Space Activities Office — начальник управления космических программ (МО)

director, Space and Building Management Service-Washington — начальник службы эксплуатации объектов зоны Вашингтона (СВ)

director, Space Systems — начальник управления космических систем (ВВС)

director, Special Projects — начальник управления специальных проектов (МО)

director, Special Studies — начальник управления специальных НИР

director, Special Weapons — начальник управления специальных видов оружия

director, Strategic and Theater C2 Systems — начальник управления разработки систем руководства и управления ВС в стратегическом масштабе и на ТВД

director, Strategic Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов развития стратегических сил

director, Strategic Planning — начальник отдела стратегического планирования

director, Strategic Plans — начальник отдела стратегического планирования

director, Strategic Policy — начальник управления разработки стратегических проблем (МО)

director, Strategic Technology — начальник управления разработки стратегических систем оружия (МО)

director, Studies and Analyses Staff — начальник отдела исследований и анализа (СВ)

director, Surveillance and Warning — начальник управления систем наблюдения и оповещения (МО)

director, Tactical Intelligence Systems — начальник управления тактических систем разведки (МО)

director, Tactical Technology — начальник управления разработки тактических систем оружия (МО)

director, Technology and Arms Transfer Policy — начальник управления разработки основ передачи военной технологии и вооружений

director, Technology Trade — начальник управления по торговым операциям в области технологии

director, Territorial Army and Cadets — Бр. начальник управления территориальной армии и кадетских организаций

director, Theater Nuclear Force Policy — начальник управления разработки программ развития ядерных сил на ТВД

director, Underwater Weapons Projects — Бр. начальник отдела разработки проектов подводного оружия

director, USAF Judiciary — начальник отдела судопроизводства ВВС США

director, Washington Headquarters Services — начальник административноштабной службы зоны Вашингтона

director, Weapons (Production) — Бр. начальник управления по производству систем оружия

director, Women's RAF — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВВС

director, Women's Royal Naval Service — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВМС

Executive director, Industrial Security — начальник управления обеспечения сохранения военной тайны на промышленных предприятиях (МО)

Executive director, Quality Assurance — начальник управления обеспечения качества (продукции МО)

Executive director, Technical and Logistics Services — начальник управления служб МТО (МО)

Managing director, Royal Ordnance Factories — Бр. начальник управления военных заводов

Principal director Office of the Deputy Under-Secretary, Policy Planning — начальник управления [первый помощник заместителя МО] по планированию военно-политических программ

Staff director, Installation Services and Environmental Protection — начальник управления обслуживания объектов и защиты окружающей среды (МО)

Staff director, Management Review — начальник управления анализа организационных проблем (МО)

Staff director, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization — начальник управления по связям с мелкими и льготными предприятиями (МО)

Vice director, Management and Operations Defense Intelligence Agency — первый заместитель начальника разведывательного управления МО по вопросам руководства операциями

— AA director

— artillery director

— assistant deputy director

— Assistant director of Ordnance Stores

— assistant director

— Associate director for Financial and Manpower Audits

— Associate director for Intelligence and Communications Audits

— Associate director for Special Program Audits

— CIA director

— Deputy Assistant director of Ordnance Stores

— deputy assistant director

— deputy associate director

— Deputy director for Advanced Technology

— Deputy director for Research

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Electronics and Information Systems

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Research and Technology

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Strategic and Space Systems

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Tactical Warfare Programs

— Deputy director of Ordnance Stores

— deputy director

— director for Administrative Support

— director for Audiovisual Management Policy

— director for Community Relations

— director for Counterintelligence and Security Policy

— director for Defense Information

— director for External Affairs

— director for Freedom of Information and Security Review

— director for Industrial Security Clearance Review

— director for Intelligence Policy

— director for Legislative Liaison

— director for Logistics Joint Staff

— director for Management

— director for Public Affairs

— director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence

— director for Tactical Operations

— director of Administration

— director of Administrative Planning

— director of Admission

— director of Armament Development

— director of Army Contracts

— director of Army Education

— director of Army Legal Services

— director of Army Medicine and Consulting Physician to the Army

— director of Army Pathology and Consulting Pathologist

— director of Army Physical Training Corps

— director of Army Postal Services

— director of Army Quartering

— director of Army Recruiting

— director of Army Royal Signals

— director of Army Staff Duties director

— director of Army Surgery and Consulting Surgeon to the Army

— director of Army Technical Information

— director of Army Training

— director of Army Welfare and Education

— director of Budget

— director of Central Intelligence

— director of Civil Law

— director of Civilian Personnel

— director of Combat Development

— director of Computer Resources

— director of Construction

— director of Contracting and Acquisition Policy

— director of Cost and Management Analysis

— director of Defense Program Analysis and Evaluation

— director of Development and Programming

— director of Economic Adjustment

— director of Education

— director of Engineer Stores

— director of Engineering and Housing

— director of Engineering and Services

— director of Equipment and Requirements

— director of Estimates

— director of European Interallied Planning

— director of Evaluation

— director of Foreign Intelligence

— director of Fortifications and Works

— director of Graves Registration

— director of HQ Support

— director of Industrial Operations

— director of Infantry

— director of Instruction

— director of Intelligence

— director of International Logistics

— director of International Programs

— director of Joint Intelligence Bureau

— director of Logistics Plans and Programs

— director of Logistics

— director of Maintenance and Supply

— director of Maintenance

— director of Management and Resources

— director of Management and Support of Intelligence

— director of Manpower and Organization

— director of Manpower Planning

— director of Marine Corps History and Museums

— director of Mechanical Engineering

— director of Medical Policy and Plans

— director of Military Applications

— director of Military Intelligence

— director of Military Operations

— director of Missile Intelligence

— director of Movements

— director of Munitions

— director of Music

— director of NATO Standardization

— director of Naval Administration

— director of Naval Dental Services

— director of Naval Intelligence

— director of Naval Reserve

— director of Naval Ship Production

— director of Naval Warfare

— director of Navy Program Planning

— director of Officers Assignments

— director of Operational Requirements

— director of Operational Training

— director of Operations Air Defence

— director of Operations Air Transport

— director of Operations and Readiness

— director of Operations Division

— director of Ordnance Stores

— director of Organization and Training

— director of Personal Services

— director of Personnel Administration

— director of Personnel and Community Affairs

— director of Personnel and Security

— director of Personnel

— director of Plans

— director of Policy Air Staff

— director of Postings and Careers Kan

— director of Postings

— director of Procurement Policy

— director of Program Analysis and Evaluation

— director of Program Integration

— director of Programs

— director of Public Affairs

— director of Public Relations

— director of Quartering

— director of R&D

— director of Radio Engineering

— director of Regional Activities

— director of Reserve Affairs

— director of Royal Army Dental Corps

— director of Security

— director of Service Intelligence

— director of Service

— director of Ship Design and Engineering

— director of Signals

— director of Space Systems and

— director of Strategic Target Planning

— director of Supply and Maintenance

— director of Surface Weapon Projects

— director of Tactical Investigation

— director of tactics

— director of Technical Training

— director of the Army Staff

— director of Training Plans

— director of Transportation

— director of Weapons and Development

— director of Welfare Services

— director of Works

— duty director

— executive director

— exercise director

— exercise test director

— fighter director

— fire control director

— fiscal director

— food director

— funeral director

— ground director

— gun director

— illuminating director

— intercept director

— medical director

— missile director

— National Armaments director

— optronic AA fire director

— recreation center director

— safety director

— senior air director

— Staff director for Military Personnel

— staff director

— state civil defense director

— study director

— tactical air director

— TV AA fire director

— TV-laser AA fire director

— Vice director

— war game director

— weapons director

English-Russian military dictionary > director
5 civil

'sivl
adjective

1) (polite, courteous.) cortés, educado

2) (of the state or community: civil rights.) civil

3) (ordinary; not military or religious: civil life.) civil

4) (concerned with law cases which are not criminal.) civil

•

- civilian
- civility
- civilly
- civil defence
- civil disobedience
- civil engineer
- civil liberties/rights
- civil servant
- civil service
- civil war

civil adjetivo
a) ‹derechos/responsabilidades› civil

b) ( no religioso) civil;
casarse por lo civil or (Per, RPl, Ven) sólo por civil or (Chi, Méx) por el civil to be married in a civil ceremony (AmE), to have a registry office wedding (BrE)
c) ( no militar) civilian ( before n);

◊ iba (vestido) de civil he was in civilian clothes
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
a) ( persona no militar) civilian

b) (Esp) ( guardia civil) Civil Guard

civil
I adjetivo
1 civil: se casaron por lo civil, they got married in the registry office
2 Mil civilian
II mf civilian: el policía iba de civil, the policeman was in plain clothes ' civil' also found in these entries: Spanish: administración - aviación - aviador - aviadora - benemérita - casarse - código - estado - funcionaria - funcionario - guerra - ingeniera - ingeniero - machetazo - paisana - paisano - protección - reflejar - sociedad - umbral - venir - amotinar - burócrata - empleado - estar - guardia - ingeniería - juicio - matrimonio - notaría - paisanaje - prefecto - registro - reo - rojo - ser English: CAA - civil - civil engineer - civil liberties - civil rights - civil servant - civil service - civil war - civilian - clear-cut - disobedience - injure - marital status - registrar - registry office - status - civic - county - defendant - load - marital - Ms - plain - wedding

civil

tr['sɪvəl]

adjective

1 (of citizens) civil

2 (polite) cortés,-esa, educado,-a

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

civil defence defensa civil

civil disobedience resistencia pasiva, desobediencia civil

civil engineer ingeniero,-a de caminos, canales y puertos

civil engineering ingeniería civil

civil law derecho civil

civil liberties libertades nombre femenino plural civiles

civil rights derechos nombre masculino plural civiles

civil servant funcionario,-a

the civil service (government departments) la administración nombre femenino pública 2 (employees) el funcionariado, los funcionarios nombre masculino plural

civil war guerra civil

civil ['sɪvəl] adj

1) : civil

civil law: derecho civil

2) polite: civil, cortés

civil

adj.

• civil adj.

• comedido, -a adj.

• cortés adj.

'sɪvəl, 'sɪvḷ
adjective

1)

a) (of society, citizens) civil

civil unrest — malestar m social

b) ( not military) civil

c) ( Law) civil

2) ( polite) cortés

that's very civil of you — es muy gentil de su parte

['sɪvl]
1. ADJ

1) (=societal) [strife, conflict] civil; [unrest] social

2) (=not military) [aviation, ship] civil

3) (=not religious) [ceremony, service, marriage] civil

4) (Jur) (=not criminal) [case, action, proceedings, charge] civil; [penalty] por infracción de la ley; [court] de lo Civil

5) (=polite) [person] cortés, atento; [behaviour] cortés

to be civil to sb — ser cortés or atento con algn

that's very civil of you — es usted muy amable
tongue
2.

CPD

Civil Aviation Authority N — Aviación f Civil

civil defence, civil defense (US) N — defensa f civil

civil disobedience N — desobediencia f civil

civil engineer N — ingeniero(-a) m / f civil, ingeniero(-a) m / f de caminos (canales y puertos) (Sp)

civil engineering N — ingeniería f civil, ingeniería f de caminos (canales y puertos) (Sp)

civil law N — derecho m civil

civil liberties N — libertades fpl civiles

civil list N — (Brit) presupuesto de la casa real aprobado por el parlamento

civil marriage N — matrimonio m civil

civil partner N — pareja f civil (del mismo sexo)

civil partnership N — unión f de parejas civiles (del mismo sexo)

civil rights N — derechos mpl civiles

civil rights leader — defensor(a) m / f de los derechos civiles

civil rights movement N — movimiento m pro derechos civiles

civil servant N — funcionario(-a) m / f (del Estado)

Civil Service N — administración f pública

civil status N — estado m civil

civil war N — guerra f civil

the American Civil War — la guerra de Secesión

civil wedding N — boda f civil

* * *
['sɪvəl, 'sɪvḷ]
adjective

1)

a) (of society, citizens) civil

civil unrest — malestar m social

b) ( not military) civil

c) ( Law) civil

2) ( polite) cortés

that's very civil of you — es muy gentil de su parte

English-spanish dictionary > civil
6 duty

долг; обязанность; дежурство, наряд; нагрузка, режим ( работы), рабочий цикл; производственная мощность; см. тж. service

do 2 hours on duty — находиться на посту 2 часа (о часовом)

— active duty for training

— active duty under training

— active duty

— additional duty

— aerial guard duty

— airborne duties

— alert duty

— arduous duty

— assume duty

— attache duty

— aviation duty

— barracks duty

— branch duty

— civilian component duty

— collateral duty

— combat duty

— come off duty

— come on duty

— command duty

— daily duty

— day duty

— day's duty

— delegate duty to

— detail for duty

— diving duty

— double duty

— draw duty

— duty away

— duty in the field

— duty outside barracks

— duty to hospital

— duty to sick in quarters

— duty under instruction

— duty under Secretary of the Army

— emergency duties

— engineering duty

— enter on duty

— exchange duty

— executive duties

— extra duty

— extra police duty

— fact-finding duty

— fatigue duty

— field duty

— final year temporary duty

— foreign duty

— foreign shore duty

— frontier guard duty

— front-line duty

— garrison duty

— go off duty

— guaranteed reserve forces duty

— guard duty

— honor guard duties

— immediate OP duty

— inactive duty

— indefinite active duty

— instructor duty

— interior guard duty

— itinerant recruiting duty

— joint service duty

— liaison duty

— limited duty

— line duty

— mess duty

— multiple extra duty

— no dutyies

— non-combat duties

— non-crew duties

— non-drill duties

— non-troop duty

— occupation duty

— off duty

— on duty

— on sentry duty

— overlap duty

— patrol duty

— permissive temporary duty

— ready duty

— recruiting duty

— regimental duties

— relief duty

— relieve from duty

— remote duty

— report for duty

— restricted duty

— rotational duty

— routine duty

— sea duty

— security duty

— see duty

— sentry duty

— sentry guard duty

— show-troop duty

— special duty

— staff duty

— standby duty

— static duty

— strike off duties

— take over duty

— temporary active duty

— temporary additional duty

— temporary duty and return

— temporary duty under instruction

— temporary duty

— training duty

— troop command duty

— unlimited duty

— unrestricted duty

— week-end duty

English-Russian military dictionary > duty
7 point

головной [тыльный] дозор; ориентир; пункт; балл

C3 nodal point — узловой пункт системы оперативного управления и связи

traffic (circulation) control point — пункт регулирования движения транспорта

— adjusted aiming point

— adjusted air release point

— adjusting point

— advance guard point

— advanced distributing point

— advanced point

— advanced supply point

— advantage point

— aerial refueling control point

— agreed point

— aiming point

— air control point

— air defense defended point

— air passage point

— air release point

— air staging point

— airborne FAC point

— airdrop pick-up point

— airlift delivery point

— airlift pick-up point

— alternate link-up point

— ambush point

— ammunition breakdown point

— ammunition control point

— ammunition delivery point

— ammunition distributing point

— ammunition refilling point

— ammunition supply point

— ammunition transfer point

— amphibious assault control point

— area reference point

— armament delivery point

— armored point

— artillery ammunition distributing point

— assault aircraft control point

— assault point

— assembly point

— assumed aiming point

— automatic picture transmission point

— backloading point

— base point

— bath and clothing exchange point

— bath point

— battalion base point

— battle closure point

— beach discharge point

— beach supply point

— beach transfer point

— blank point

— boat-offloading point

— bombing aim point

— bomb-release point

— bridge preassembly point

— bulk breaking point

— bulk reduction point

— burnout point

— burst point

— calibration point

— cannibalization point

— capture point

— carrier control point

— casualty clearing point

— casualty collecting point

— casualty sorting point

— central PW collecting point

— central stock control point

— check point

— chemical service point

— chemical supply point

— choke point

— civilian collecting point

— civilian internee collecting point

— classified map distribution point

— coast-in point

— collecting point

— collection point

— collision point

— commanding point

— communications check point

— communications point

— company release point

— computed air release point

— computer system subscriber point

— consolidated distribution point

— contact point between units

— contact point

— container-filling point

— contamination control point

— control point

— coordinating point

— crisis point

— critical point

— crosshair aim point

— crossing point

— cross-over point

— cutoff point

— damaged vehicle collecting point

— data line reference point

— datum point

— debarkation point

— debussing point

— decanting point

— decision point

— declinating point

— decontamination point

— delivery point

— departure point

— depot stock point

— description point

— desired mean point of impact

— detonation initiation point

— detraining point

— detrucking point

— directing point

— discharge point

— dismounting point

— dispersal point

— distant aiming point

— distributing point

— distribution point

— downlink point

— drop-off point

— dry water supply point

— effective point of burst

— embarkation point

— embussing point

— engagement point

— engineer regulating point

— engineer supply point

— en-route rally point

— entraining point

— entrucking point

— equipment collecting point

— equipment replenishment point

— exchange point

— exit/entry points

— expected kill point

— ferrying point

— fictitious reference point

— field water point

— fill point

— fire point

— firing point

— flight release point

— focal point of attack

— force rendezvous point

— fording point

— forward ammunition point

— forward area rearm and refuel point

— forward distribution point

— forward point

— forward supply point

— fuel reduction point

— fuel system supply point

— gasoline distributing point

— gasoline supply point

— geographical point

— go-no-go point

— ground control point

— ground datum point

— ground point

— guidance initial point

— gun aiming point

— hard point

— heavy drop resupply point

— helicopter breakup point

— helicopter departure point

— helicopter drop point

— helicopter pick-up point

— high point

— holding and reconsignment point

— holding point

— identification point

— indirect fire reference point

— initial aiming point

— initial firing point

— initial point

— initial rallying point

— initiation point

— intermediate evacuation point

— inventory control point

— jumping-off point

— junction point

— key observation point

— key point

— kill point

— known datum point

— landing point

— launching point

— light reference point

— light tank observation point

— linear reference point

— link-up point

— litter relay point

— loading point

— loading point

— logistics control point

— logistics release point

— main effort point

— main point of penetration

— maintenance collecting point

— maintenance point

— major datum point

— map distribution point

— map supply point

— march collecting point

— marching-off point

— mean point of bursts

— mean point of impact

— medical distributing point

— medical supply point

— message pick-up and drop point

— message relay point

— message transfer point

— messenger pick-up point

— mine breakdown point

— missile aim point

— mobile supply point

— mobilization point

— monitoring point

— mounted point

— mounting point

— multiple aim point

— multiple launch point

— munitions distributing point

— National Inventory Control point

— National Maintenance point

— NATO communications interface point

— nodal communications point

— nonwaiverable promotion point

— nuclear ammunition supply point

— objective point

— objective rallying point

— observation point

— observing point

— off-loading point

— offset aiming point

— offset point

— ordnance central stock control point

— ordnance collecting point

— ordnance supply point

— origin point

— passage point

— patient collecting point

— penetration point

— personnel assistance point

— petrol point

— pick-up point

— pick-up zone release point

— pivot point

— point of impact

— pop-up point

— preassembly point

— predesignated rendezvous point

— predicted collision point

— predicted point of impact

— promotion point

— pull-up point

— PW collecting point

— radar point

— radar reference point

— rallying point

— ranging point

— rapid refueling point

— ration delivery point

— rear guard point

— rear point

— rearm and refuel point

— reclothing point

— reconsignment point

— recovery and disposition collecting point

— reentry rally point

— reference point

— refilling point

— refueling point

— registration point

— regulating point

— relay point

— release point

— rendezvous point

— reporting point

— rest point

— resupply point

— retail filling point

— roll-in point

— route critical point

— safe-in-range point

— saivage collecting point

— salvo point

— search point

— shot point

— SIGINT processing point

— signal central stock control point

— single reference point

— sorting point

— sound registration point

— special ammunition supply point

— squad release point

— starting point

— stock control point

— stores distribution point

— stores loading point

— strategic focal point

— striking point

— supply delivery point

— supply point

— support point

— surveillance vantage points

— survey control point

— switching point

— tactical point

— tactical rallying point

— tank point

— tanker-tc-tanker transfer point

— target approach point

— target reference point

— termination point

— terrain point

— thrust point

— topping-off point

— trailer transfer point

— training point

— transfer point

— transload point

— transportation control point

— triage point

— trial shot point

— triple point

— turn-in point

— turning point

— unclassified map distribution point

— underwater fording point

— unserviceable equipment rally point

— vantage point

— vehicle delivery point

— vehicle-collecting point

— via point

— view point

— visual identification point

— visual reference point

— visual target identification point

— vital point

— vulnerable point

— warming point

— water distributing point

— water supply point

— wave rendezvous point

— way point

— weapon release point

— wet point

— witness point

— zero point

English-Russian military dictionary > point
8 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
9 support

поддержка; обеспечение; тыловое обеспечение; материально-техническое обеспечение; МТО; обслуживание; головной отряд ( авангарда) ; сторожевая застава; второй эшелон ( в обороне) ; тыловой отряд; поддерживать; обеспечивать; обслуживать;

austere (maintenance and supply) support — МТО с минимальным расходом сил и средств

C3 support — обеспечение средствами оперативного управления и связи; обеспечение органов руководства, управления и связи

nuclear (weapons) logistical support — тыловое обеспечение [МТО] применения ЯО

nuclear (weapons) logistics support — тыловое обеспечение [МТО] применения ЯО

photographic (day and night) support — (дневная и ночная) фоторазведка (как вид обеспечения)

— ABM support

— administrative support

— advance guard support

— advisory support

— aeroscout support

— afloat support

— aggressor training support

— air fire support

— air maintenance support

— air reconnaissance support

— air support

— air transport support

— airborne fire support

— aircraft carrier group ASW support

— air-ground support

— air-landed logistic support

— airlift support

— air-logistical support

— air-to-ground fire support

— all-out support

— ammunition support

— amphibious logistic support MTO

— amphibious support

— amphibious tank indirect fire support

— antiair warfare support

— antiarmor support

— area support

— armored battle support

— armored support

— artillery support

— attack helicopter support

— automated control system mathematical support

— automotive support

— aviation support

— backup support

— base support

— battle target air support

— biological support

— ceremonial support

— change of fire support

— chaplain support

— chemical corps support

— chemical fire support

— civil affairs support

— civilian personnel support

— civilian support

— close air support

— close combat air support

— close logistical support

— close support

— close-in ground support

— coalitjon support

— combat air support

— combat consumption support

— combat engineer support

— combat service support

— combat support

— command dedicated basis support

— communications-electronics support

— community support

— conduct support

— construction support

— contact support

— contingency data processing maintenance support

— contingency support

— contractor maintenance support

— contractor support

— counter underwater warfare support

— counterair support

— counterattack support

— counterintelligence support

— countermeasures neutralization support

— countermobility engineer support

— cryptologistics support

— cut off from logistical support

— deceptive fire support

— decontamination support

— dedicated support

— deep support

— defense suppression support

— delayed fire support

— dental support

— depot support

— direct air support

— direct automotive support

— direct fire support

— direct logistics support

— direct smoke support

— direct support level support

— direct support

— direct technical support

— disaster support

— ECM support

— electronic interdiction support

— electronic support

— emergency backup maintenance support

— emergency support

— engineer combat service support

— engineer facility support

— engineer support

— engineering support

— equipment support

— escort jamming support

— evacuation support

— EW support

— field engineer support

— field feeding support

— field health service support

— field medical support

— field service support

— field support

— fighter direction radar support

— fire air support

— fire support behind the objective

— fire support between the line of departure and the objective

— fire support on top of the objective

— fire support

— fiscal support

— fixed-wing support

— floating base support

— follow-on logistic support

— forward support

— front support

— functionalized support

— furnish support

— general air support

— general engineer support

— general intelligence support

— general support

— geodetic support

— graves registration support

— gravimetric guidance support

— ground communications support

— ground support

— ground-mounted fire support

— gun support

— gunfire support

— health service support

— heavy support

— heavy weapons fire support

— helicopter gunship support

— helicopter support

— host nation support

— HQ support

— hydrometeorological support

— illumination support

— immediate air support

— immediate direct support

— immediate massed fire support

— immediate nuclear support

— immediate support

— in support of

— in transit security support

— indirect air support

— indirect support

— initial support during wartime

— inshore fire support

— integrated logistical support

— integrated logistics support

— integrated support

— intelligence support

— interdepartmental support

— interdiction support

— interdictory fire support

— internal supply support

— international cross support

— international logistic support

— interservice support

— intraservice support

— jamming support

— joint logistics support

— jump support

— labor support to Forces

— laundry and bath support

— life cycle logistics support

— local support

— logistical air support

— logistical helicopter support

— logistical military operations support

— logistical support

— logistics support

— logistics/maintenance support

— long-range frontal support

— low-altitude close air support

— maintenance support

— manual support

— maritime support

— mass subsistence support

— materiel support

— medical support

— medium nuclear support

— medium ordnance support

— meteorological support

— metrological support

— MG support

— military intelligence support

— military operations support

— military support of civil defense

— missile fire support

— missile maintenance support

— missile support

— mobile close-in fire support

— mobile support

— mobility engineer support

— mobility support

— morale support

— mortar support

— MP support

— multiservice support

— munitions logistic support

— mutual air support

— mutual emergency support

— mutual fire support

— mutual logistic support

— mutual support

— naval gunfire support

— naval support

— navigational and hydrographic support

— navigational support

— NBC defense support

— near-shore support

— nondeploying support

— nondivisional support

— nonnuclear close fire support

— nonnuclear general support

— nonnuclear support

— nonorganic combat service support

— nontactical support

— nuclear close air support

— nuclear fire support

— nuclear support

— offensive air support

— one-stop support

— operational support

— operations security support

— optometric support

— orbital weapon in-orbit support

— ordnance field maintenance support

— ordnance support

— organic combat service support

— organic fire support

— outpost support

— personal affairs support

— personnel support

— place in support

— port support

— postal support

— post-drop logistic support

— preplanned air support

— preplanned nuclear support

— preplanning immediate support

— primary support

— propaganda support

— provide support

— QM support

— quick reaction close support

— radar support

— rear support

— rearguard support

— reinforcing artillery support

— reinforcing general support

— render support

— responsive support

— school support

— search and rescue support

— second echelon commitment fire support

— security support

— service support

— SIGINT interpretive support

— signal communications combat support

— signal logistical support

— signal support

— smoke support

— software system support

— soldier support

— spare parts support

— special technical military operations support

— spiritual support

— station support

— strategic transport support

— subsistence support

— supply support

— support to forwards

— survey support

— survivability engineer support

— survivability support

— tactical air support for maritime operations

— tactical air support

— tactical transport support

— tank support

— target acquisition support

— target designation radar support to SAM systems

— task basis support

— technical support

— topographic support

— transport air support

— transportation support

— troop and weapon control radar support

— underway logistics support

— unified logistic support

— unit-level health service support

— vehicle evacuation support

— vendor maintenance support

— warning support

— water supply support

— weather support

— welfare support

English-Russian military dictionary > support
10 system

система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;

aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)

air (nuclear) delivery system — авиационная система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем

air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки

airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей

airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)

airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели

area defense missile system 3PK — для зональной ПВО

artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

automatic (gun) laying system — автоматическая система наводки орудия

C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления

C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи

channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений

combat service support (control) system — АСУ тыловым обеспечением (боевых действий) войск

country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)

dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели

electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]

field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК

fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]

fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом

forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района

graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)

high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения

ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)

information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации

instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы

large area (smoke) screening system — система постановки дымовых завес на большой площади

limited weather (capability) AA system — невсепогодный зенитный комплекс

NATO C2 Information system — АИС руководства и управления НАТО

Operational C2 Intelligence system — система оперативного руководства и управления разведкой (СВ)

plotted trajectory missile system 3PK — с наведением методом совмещения траекторий цели и ракеты

point (gas) alarm system — объектовая газосигнализаторная система

Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс

rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением

real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени

received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала

sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели

site defense (missile) system — ПРК для объектовой ПРО (для защиты ШПУ)

small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля

Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств

surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК

target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания

— AA cannon system

— AA defense system

— AA gun system

— AA missile launching warning system

— AA missile system

— AA system

— AA tank system

— AA/antimissile system

— ABM defense system

— ACE High Tropospheric Communications system

— acoustic locating system

— acquisition system

— active ECM system

— active hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— active illumination system

— active lighting system

— active long-range submarine detection stationary system

— adaptive control system

— adaptive moving target detection system

— adverse weather air delivery system

— aerial antiarmor system

— aerial AT weapon system

— aerial cargo delivery system

— aerial communications system

— aerial fire system

— aerial mine dispensing system

— aerial missile system

— aerial photoreconnaissance evaluation system

— aerial reconnaissance picture retrieval system

— aerial rocket system

— aerodynamic weapon system

— aeromedical system

— aerosol screening system

— aerospace system

— air bag shock absorber system

— air defense command information system

— air defense data processing and representation system

— air defense ground environment system

— air defense missile weapon system

— air defense missile/gun system

— air defense system in overwatch role

— air defense system

— air defense/AT system

— air navigation and bombing system

— air surveillance system

— air target laser tracking and ranging system

— air/ground hit recording system

— air-based antimissile system

— airborne battlefield mining system

— airborne EO target acquisition system

— airborne location and strike system

— airborne mining system

— airborne tactical data system

— airborne UV laser reconnaissance system

— airborne warning and control system

— airborne weapons system

— airborne/space-based laser space defense system

— air-breathing strategic attack system

— aircraft intercept missile system

— aircraft maintenance management information system

— aircraft mine delivery system

— aircraft vectoring system

— aircraft wake turbulence detection system

— aircraft-delivery system

— aircraft-submerged submarine laser communications system

— air-delivered scatterable minefield system

— air-deployment delivery system

— air-dropped mine splash points location radar system

— air-ground TV system

— air-launched ABM system

— airship-helicopter ultra-heavy lift system

— airspace control system

— airspace management system

— air-to-ground laser communications system

— air-to-ground pickup system

— air-to-ground weapon systems seismic scoring system

— alarm annunciation system

— alarm system

— alert notification system

— alerting telling system

— all altitude missile system

— all aspect passive IR homing guidance system

— all azimuth retaliatory system

— all weather system

— all-out war weapon system

— all-round traverse multiple rocket system

— all-source analysis system

— all-ways grenade initiating system

— alternate system

— alternative system

— ammunition feed system

— ammunition stowage and feed system

— ammunition system

— amphibious assault bulk fuel handling system

— amphibious bridging system

— analog data transmission system

— angle-measuring tank radio navigation system

— angular rate bombing system

— antiair and tactical missile system

— antiantisatellite system

— antiballistic helmet system

— anticompromise emergency destruction system

— anticountermine mobility equipment system

— antidecoy system

— antidisplacement system

— antihigh trajectory BM system

— antiinfiltration detection system

— antiintrusion detection system

— antilow trajectory BM system

— antimine container system

— antimine system

— antimissile gun system

— antimissile missile system

— antioscillation sighting system

— antipersonnel weapons system

— antiradiation homing head system

— antisatellite defense system

— antisatellite system

— antiship missile decoy system

— antiship missile defense system

— antisubmarine action data system

— antisubmarine mortar system

— antisubmarine weapon system

— antitactical BM system

— area denial weapon system

— armament system

— armed decoy penetration system

— arming system

— armor system

— armored ammunition delivery system

— armor-plating system

— arms system

— Army Authorization Documents system

— Army container-oriented distribution system

— army corps modular control system

— Army Personnel system

— Army Terrain Intelligence system

— Army Training Management system

— Army Wholesale Logistics system

— artificial intelligence system

— artillery and rocket delivered scatterable mine system

— artillery delivery area mining system

— artillery meteorological system

— artillery mining system

— artillery position detection IR-laser system

— artillery rocket system

— artillery saturation fire system

— artillery tube nuclear delivery system

— artillery type vehicle navigation system

— ASW shipborne missile system

— AT mine clearance system

— AT mine dispensing system

— AT mine-scattering system

— AT missile system

— atmosphere laser communications system

— attack sonar system

— audio and visual information electronic training system

— audio/video monitoring system

— authentication system

— automated air warfare system

— Automated Career Management system

— automated control system

— automated image data extraction system

— automated logistics data processing system

— Automated Military Justice Analysis and Management system

— automated minefield system

— automated scoring target system

— automated software system

— automated troop control system

— automated warehouse system

— automated weapon control system

— automated weapon delivery system

— automatic artillery fire control and liaison system

— automatic command system

— automatic control system

— automatic data handling system

— automatic data processing system

— Automatic Data system for the Army in the Field

— automatic elevation recovery system

— automatic fire detection and suppression system

— automatic laying angle correction system

— automatic linear positioning system

— automatic magazine handling and loading system

— automatic mine delivery system

— automatic mine scatter system

— automatic missile reload system

— automatic sound ranging system

— automatic strike recording system

— automatic survey and sighting system

— automatic time-phased downgrading and declassification system

— automatic TV tracking and AA weapon guidance system

— automatic video scoring system

— automatic weapon aiming correction system

— automotive test system

— autonomous all-weather air defense weapon system

— autonomous positioning system

— azimuth orientation system

— bacteriological attack detection system

— bacteriological weapon delivery system

— ballistic attack system

— balloon-haul ship-to-shore cargo transportation system

— ballute free-fall weapon retarding system

— bar-in-the-tube torsion suspension system

— barometric and radar altimeter readings comparison system

— barrier warfare system

— base and installation security system

— base-line system

— battery computer system

— battle dress clothing system

— battle management system

— battlefield air defense system

— battlefield computer graphics system

— battlefield data system

— battlefield illumination airborne system

— battlefield intruder alarm system

— battlefield mission management system

— battlefield nuclear support system

— battlefield support missile system

— battlefield surveillance automated ground sensor system

— beam director system

— bell-ringer communications system

— binary beam radio direction finding system

— binary lethal weapon system

— biological detection system

— black voice system

— blast-actuated nuclear detonation control system

— blowback automatic operation system

— blowback locked breech system

— blue-line reporting system

— BM rapid reload launching system

— BM submarines extremely low frequency communications system

— bomb director system

— bomb loading system

— bomb retarding system

— bomb trajectory correction system

— bombardment space weapon system

— bomb-carrier aircraft link guidance system

— bombing sighting system

— bomblet dispensing system

— boost-coast-boost system

— border observation system

— bound coordinate system

— branch quota system

— broad-band chaff decoy system

— buddy foxhole system

— buddy training system

— built-in test malfunction system

— buried and hardened cable communications system

— burst sensing fire control system

— burst-on-target training system

— candidate weapon system

— cannon artillery weapon system

— cannon remote mining system

— carbons secret writing system

— cargo extraction roller skid system

— cargo-ejection system

— cargo-extraction system

— CAS weapon system

— caseless ammunition firing system

— CBR agent/materiel detection and warning system

— central authorities system

— central tire inflation system

— central weapon system

— centralized promotion system

— chaff grenade launching system

— chaff/flare countermeasures system

— chaff/flare/expendable jammer system

— challenge and password number system

— checker board interlocking positions system

— chemical defense training system

— chemical detection system

— chemical gas analyzer mine detection system

— circuit identification system

— circuit switching system

— circular communications net system

— circular scan thermal imaging system

— civilian personnel information system

— clear-lane marking system

— close-combat antiarmor system

— closed circuit TV automatic tracking system

— closed loop support system

— closed-breech scavenger system

— close-in point defense antimissile system

— close-in self-defense tracking system

— close-in weapon system

— closely-spaced basing system

— cloud environment seeding system

— clutter environment target selection system

— clutter environment target discrimination system

— clutter false alarm control automated radar detection system

— code command system

— cold weather clothing system

— collected overpressure system

— collective NBC defense system

— color image intensification system for night vision

— combat arms regimental system

— combat direction system

— combat information and control system

— combat laser aiming system

— combat service support functional system

— combat system

— combat vehicle main armament system

— combat vehicle radio navigation system

— combat vehicle weapon system

— combined air defense weapons control system

— combined effects bomblet system

— command arming system

— command system

— communications intercept/recording system

— communications line terminal system

— communications material security control system

— communications monitoring and emitter location system

— communications plan automation system

— communications satellite system

— communications surveillance system

— communications switching system

— competitive promotion system

— complex weapon system

— computed air release point system

— computer assisted map maneuver system

— computer release weapon system

— computer-aided intelligence data retrieval system

— computerized exercise control system

— computerized fire control system

— computerized infantry battlefield training system

— computer-oriented landform classification system

— consolidated mess system

— container-ASW helicopter system

— containerized weapon control system

— container-offloading and transfer system

— continuous orbital guidance system

— continuous targeting system

— continuously set vector bombing sighting system

— contour flying system

— controllable reused manned weapon delivery system

— controlled delivery system

— controlled descent cargo drop system

— controlled dispersion multiple rocket system

— coorbital inspection system

— counter EO-threat smoke system

— counter IR spectrum devices smoke screen system

— counter system

— counterforce first strike system

— countermeasures detection and location system

— countermeasures dispenser system

— countermeasures dispensing system

— countermeasures guidance system

— countermeasures warning and control system

— counterpressure system

— countersurprise military system

— county regiment system

— credit supply system

— crew-compartment automatic fire suppression system

— crypto-secure system

— darkfire missile control system

— data multiplexing system

— data processing and presentation system

— data relay satellite system

— dead-reckoning system

— debugging system

— decoy rocket system

— dedicated intelligence link communications system

— deep interdiction system

— deep penetration weapon system

— defense effective system

— Defense Satellite Communications system

— defense suppression weapon system

— defense weapon system

— defensive nuclear weapons system

— deployment/employment mobilization status reporting system

— depth charge warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— destabilizing military system

— deterrent retaliatory system

— difference-distance measuring tank radio navigation system

— differential target-missile tracking system

— digital coherent moving target indication system

— digital data handling and distribution system

— digital data transmission system

— digital facsimile transmission system

— digital fire control system

— digital range tracking system

— digital weapon control system

— direct ascent antisatellite system

— direct ascent killer-satellite system

— direct fire antiarmor system

— direct gas operation weapon system

— directed energy beam ABM system

— directional gyrocompass tank navigation system

— disability evaluation system

— disablement feature system

— discrete detection casualty assessment system

— discrete information transmission system

— dismounted weapons system

— dispensing system

— disrupt command system

— distance-measuring tank radio navigation system

— distant mine and minefield detection system

— distributed explosives biological agent dispersal system

— disturbed line-of-sight system

— division air defense system

— division logistical system

— division maneuver system

— division supply system

— division support system

— document retrieval system

— Doppler-inertial guidance navigational and attack system

— double key system

— double-circuit radar fire control system

— double-differential steering system

— down-looking imaging IR sensing system

— drone delivery system

— drone-formation control system

— dry and wet bridging system

— dual fire control system

— dual radar system

— dual weapon system

— dual-capable artillery weapon system

— dual-capable SAM system

— dual-speciality officer personnel management system

— duel-type ABM defense system

— early biological attack identification system

— early-warning system

— Earth-based coordinate system

— Earth-centered inertial system

— ECM/ELINT system

— ECM-dispensing system

— efficiency reporting system

— electric power guided wave transmission field system

— electric power microwave ray transmission field system

— electromagnetic compatibility priority system

— electromagnetic subsurface profiling system

— electronic battlefield surveillance system

— electronic fence warning system

— electronic sentry system

— electronically keyed system

— elevation-angle track and surveillance system

— ELINT bulk gathering system

— emergency broadcast system

— emergency communications satellitelaunching rocket system

— emergency message automatic transmission system

— emerging logistics system

— emitter location and direction finding system

— emitter location system

— energy depot system

— engine winterization system

— enlisted evaluation system

— entry control system

— EO AA gunfire control system

— EO imaging system

— EO navigation bombing system

— European Exchange system

— Eurostrategic missile weapon system

— Eurostrategic system

— EW self-protection system

— excess systems

— exhaust IR suppression system

— expendables dispensing system

— expert system

— explosive safe and arming system

— explosive source parameters multisite estimation system

— FA Computer Equipment system

— face-piece-type collective protection system

— fail solution director-type fire control system

— fair-weather AT missile system

— fair-weather line-of-sight SAM system

— fast automatic shuttle transfer system

— fast reaction missile system PK

— fault-detection/location system

— fiber scope night vision system

— fiber-optics multiplexing system

— field ABM defense system

— field public address system

— field stock control system

— fighter aircraft system

— fighter direction laser system

— fighting compartment stabilization system

— fighting vehicle system

— fingerprint verification entry control system

— fire control radar system

— fire control sight system

— fire distribution and control system

— fire simulation system

— fire weapon system

— fire-explosion suppression fuel system

— fire-extinguisher system

— fire-marking system

— fixed ASW detection system

— fixed post system

— fixed-site strategic attack system

— flail mine clearance system

— Fleet operational telecommunications automated control system

— flight guidance system

— fluidic mortar repositioning system

— flying boom air refueling system

— flying weapon system

— follow-on weapon system

— foot mobile infantry AT system

— force field ABM defense system

— force status reporting system

— force supply tracking system

— forced entry deterrent system

— formal alert system

— fortification defense system

— fortified AT defense system

— fortified bunker system

— fortified defense system

— forward reconnaissance and target designation vehicle system

— forward terminal communications system

— forward-based aircraft system

— forward-based nuclear delivery system

— forward-based system

— free-ride delivery system

— front-line defense system

— fuel fire suppression system

— fuzing system

— garage system of ICBM deployment

— gas impingement system

— gas particles filter system

— generic EV/ system

— geocentric rectangular coordinate system

— geographic reference system

— glide-angle indication light system for night helicopter extracts

— global antisubmarine surveillance ocean bottom system

— global phase hyperbolic radio navigation system

— global range weapons delivery system

— global satellite warning system

— GM system

— go-no-go grading system

— grading system

— Green Arrow priority system

— grenade-launching smoke screen system

— grid coordinate system

— grid-square numbering system

— ground airborne radar picture interpretation correlation system

— ground arresting gear system

— ground EO deep space surveillance system

— ground nuclear delivery system

— ground order of battle system

— ground proximity cargo delivery system

— ground target tracking laser illumination system

— ground vehicle mine dispensing system

— ground-based antisatellite defense system

— ground-based defensive system

— ground-based ground-to-air ECM system

— ground-based ground-to-grcund ECM system

— ground-based gun aircraft unit barrage ABM defense system

— ground-based missile system

— ground-based mobile jamming system

— ground-based surveillance system

— ground-emplaced mine scattering system

— ground-emplaced sensor system

— ground-to-air engagement simulation system

— guidance reference system

— guidance system

— guided bombing system

— gun ammunition system

— gun and turret drive system

— gun sound ranging system

— gun/sight stabilization system

— gunfire locating system

— gun-rnissiie integrated weapon system

— gun-two net fire control system

— gyrocompass automatic navigation system

— hard-kill system

— hard-point defense system

— head-on and pursuit firing portable AA missile system

— heat source direction finding system

— heavy equipment transporter system

— height-of-burst sound ranging system

— helicopter air-to-air self-defense gun system

— helicopter area weapons system

— helicopter ECM system

— helicopter expedient refueling system

— helicopter mine delivery system

— helicopter moving ground target detection system

— helicopter point weapons system

— helicopter remote mining system

— helicopter terminal guidance system

— helicopter-balloon system

— helicopter-delivered mine system

— helicopter-standoff AT missile weapon system

— helmet compatible communications/aural protective system

— helmet-integrated sighting and control system

— hesitation blowback weapon system

— high clutter environment low-altitude air defense system

— high level container airdrop system

— high orbital bombardment system

— high-accuracy internal guidance stand-off system

— high-altitude relay system

— high-endoatmospheric defense system

— highly resistant to jamming system

— high-probability air defense system

— high-security data base management system

— high-speed digital information transmission system

— high-speed digital multiplexing system

— holographic surface mapping system

— holography air photography system

— homing-bomblet scattering cluster warhead projectile system

— horizontal radio altimeter control-vertical radar guidance system

— hot picture system

— hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— hydrographic survey and charting system

— hydrographic system

— hyperbolic radio navigational system

— hypersonic strategic defensive weapon system

— hypersonic strategic offensive weapon system

— ICBM basing system

— ICBM battle management system

— ICBM canister and shock isolation system

— ICBM continuous targeting system

— ICBM deployment system

— ICBM launcher rapid reload system

— illumination system

— imagery system

— impact initiation system

— independent recoil system

— independent vertical line-of-sight stabilization system

— independently targetable AT submissile warhead system

— indirect fire AT guided missile system

— indirect weapons locating system

— individual load-carrying system

— ineradicable features personnel characteristics verification system

— inertial control system

— inertial coordinate system

— inertial stabilization optical system

— inertial-with-terminal correction guidance and control system

— infantry direct fire simulator system

— infantry remoted target system

— in-flight data transmission system

— information accumulation storage and retrieval system

— information acquisition system

— information computation system

— information display system

— information dissemination system

— information distribution system

— information input packet switching system

— information processing system

— information retrieval system

— in-grade step system

— inspection and diagnostic system

— instantaneous remote ammunition selection system

— instinctive rifle bayonet fighting system

— integrated acoustic communications system

— integrated battle area surveillance system

— integrated communications system

— integrated defense system

— integrated fire and air support system

— integrated fire control system

— integrated information system

— Integrated Operational Nuclear Detection system

— integrated refractive effects prediction system

— integrated voice communications system

— integrated weapons control system

— integrity arming system

— intelligence community information system

— intelligence data handling system

— intelligence information retrieval system

— intercommunications system

— intermodal containerized system

— interoperable communications security system

— interphone system

— intrusion detection and identification system

— inventory control system

— IR decoy-target discrimination system

— IR decoy-target identification system

— IR gathering system

— IR intruder system

— IR intrusion system

— IR-line scanning reconnaissance system

— IR-sensors/radar air defense fire control system

— joint Air and Air Defense Control system

— joint air defense automatic control system

— joint airspace surveillance system

— Joint Army-Navy grid system

— joint in-flight data transmission system

— joint information search and retrieval system

— joint multichannel trunking and switching system

— Joint Strategic Planning system

— Joint Surveillance system

— Joint Tactical Information Distribution system

— joint tactical missile system

— killer-satellite system

— land combat support system

— land mine barrier system

— land navigation system

— land-based strike system

— land-water-air system

— laser aiming system

— laser air reconnaissance system

— laser bombing system

— laser communications satellite system

— laser engagement imitation system

— laser fire control system

— laser intrusion detection system

— laser navigation system

— laser photo reconnaissance system

— laser rangefinder-sight fire control system

— laser satellite communications system

— laser scanning reconnnaissance system

— laser security system

— laser surveying system

— laser target tracking illumination system

— laser tracking system

— laser weapon control system

— laser weapon delivery pod system

— laser weapon system

— laser-acquisition and tracking SAM system

— laser-beam guidance antimissile system

— laser-guided discrete correction AA projectile system

— laser-homing and warning system

— laser-submarine detection system

— last ditch ground-based ABM defense system

— launch-and-leave missile system

— light weight advanced night/day surveillance system

— linear linkless ammunition feed system

— linear scanning IR ground target acquisition system

— line-of-sight AT missile system

— line-of-sight microwave radio relay system

— linked ammunition feed system

— listening post/OP warning system

— lockless fire arm system

— Logistics Master Planning system

— longevity compensation system

— long-recoil system

— look-down /shoot-down system

— low-altitude navigation and targeting IR night system

— low-altitude parachute extraction system

— low-angle radar tracking system

— low-false alarm rate missile warning system

— low-level AA system

— low-level air defense system

— low-level image intensification navigation TV system

— low-level radar system

— low-level weapon delivery system

— low-light level image intensification system

— low-light level sight system

— management and control system

— military direct dial telephone system

— military system

— mobility system

— National Communications system

— National Military Command system

— officer evaluation reporting system

— offline cryptographic system

— off-road mobile ICBM system

— offset target indicator system

— on-board oxygen generation system

— on-carriage sighting system

— on-line security system

— on-off mount fire control system

— open-bay housing system

— operational automatic schedule information system

— operational command/operational control system

— operational readiness test system

— operational sensor system

— optical acquisition and tracking AA missile system

— optical fiber data transmission system

— optical track command system

— opto-electronic alpha-numeric display system

— optronic fire control system

— optronic target designation system

— orbital defense system

— orbital offensive system

— OTH backscatter radar warning system

— outdoor interphone system

— outside-the-vehicle shell case ejection system

— overhead cover support system

— overseas unit replacement system

— packet-switching communications system

— parachute retrograde air drop system

— parachute-jet landing system

— parawing precision aerial delivery system

— partially space-based ABM defense system

— passive ECM system

— passive hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— passive thermic image night-aiming system

— payload deployment system

— performance management system

— performance measurement system

— perimeter acquisition radar attack characterization system

— Periodic Armaments Planning system

— periscope TV camera system

— permissive action link system

— personnel classification system

— personnel environment support system

— personnel management accounting and reporting system

— phased-array radar fire control system

— photogrammetric target location system

— pilot system

— pilot-aircraft-media system

— planning army authorization document system

— pneumatic and inertia arming system

— pneumatic fuel transport system

— point deployment system

— point target BM laser homing system

— portable airfield system

— portable decoy launcher system

— position location and reporting system

— post-boost control system

— press-to-talk system

— primary alerting system

— primary direct fire control system

— priority system for mission requests for tactical reconnaissance

— priority system

— privacy communications system

— program change control system

— projectile location system

— pulse energy detonation system

— PW Information system

— pyramidal structure hierarchic automated control system

— radar bombing system

— radar early warning and control system

— radar homing and warning system

— radar information transmission system

— radar scattering screening system

— radar system

— radar track command system

— radar warning receiver/processor system

— radar-controlled breeched AA weapon system

— radar-version microwave mine detection system

— radio frequency surveillance/ECM system

— radio/radar tracking and guidance system

— radiological defense support system

— radiological defense warning system

— radiotelephone and telephone authentication system

— random access personnel information system

— random-orbiting counter satellite barrage system

— range correction system

— range finding system

— rapid smoke screen system

— rapid sweep vehicular AT mine detection system

— rapid-fire artillery system

— real time intelligence data processing system

— rearm system

— receiver-responder/inertial guidance integrated system

— recognized air picture system

— recoilless-tube weapon system

— reconnaissance/strike system

— record keeping system

— recruit quota system

— Red/Black voice switching system

— redundant communications system

— regional airspace control system

— relative tank-target motion correction armament stabilization system

— remote antiarmor mine system

— remote artillery antiarmor mining system

— remote control explosive ordnance reconnaissance and disposal system

— remote ICBM retargeting system

— remote mine delivery system

— remote mining system

— remote pop-up target system

— remotely monitored battlefield sensor system

— remotely piloted observation/designation system

— remotely-controlled explosive boat system

— reporting system

— reports control system

— resource capability assessment system

— resource management system

— Retain system

— retarded flare system

— retractable missile launching system

— rifle-light MG system

— rifleman's assault system

— rocket command system

— rocket system

— rocket-assisted mine-clearing system

— rocket-assisted parachute system

— roller mine clearance system

— roller-locked bolt system

— rotor-mast-mounted target acquisition system

— RPV and ground station-based multichannel information transmission system

— running key system

— SAC operational planning system

— SAC operations planning system

— safeguards system

— safety and arming system

— satellite attack warning system

— satellite communications system

— satellite data relay system

— satellite destruction system

— satellite detection radar system

— satellite ground terminal system

— satellite identification system

— satellite inspection system

— satellite intercept and destruction system

— satellite radio navigation system

— satellite returning fire system

— satellite surveillance system

— satellite verification system

— satellite warning system

— satellite/aircraft ocean surveillance system

— satellite-based defense system

— satellite-borne surveillance system

— saturation firing weapon system

— scaled-range target system

— scatterable mine system

— scenario-oriented recurring evaluation system

— schedule control assault system

— scrambled speech communications system

— scrambling communications system

— screening ABM defense system

— sea surveillance satellite system

— sea-based strategic nuclear deterrent system

— sea-denial system

— sea-launched BM warning and display system

— sealed authentication system

— search and rescue satellite system

— see-and-shoot firing system

— selected calling system

— selective routing system

— selective service system

— self-contained system

— self-defense air defense system

— self-defense EW system

— self-defense jamming system

— self-defense system

— self-deployable weapon system

— semiactive low-rate sampled data system

— semicentralized promotion system

— semifixed SAM system

— semistationary ground missile system

— semistationary SAM system

— seniority cadetship system

— serial fire rifle system

— ship air defense system

— shipborne air defense missile system

— shipborne missile system

— shipping ASW/air defense container system

— ship-to-air missile system

— ship-to-submarine underwater telephone system

— short-pulse mode radar mine detection system

— short-range SAM system

— shuttle spacecraft system

— signal collecting system

— single channel ground and airborne radio system

— single missile channel SAM system

— single target channel SAM system

— single tube missile system PK

— single-component officer system

— single-mission weapon system

— site protection system

— Small Elevation Angle Track and Surveillance system

— small SAM system

— smoke discharger system

— snap and go guidance system

— sniper rifle system

— soft landing rocket system

— software driven system

— sonobuoy reference system

— sound ranging system

— sound surveillance system

— SP AA gun system

— Space Detection and Tracking system

— space surveillance intelligence system

— space transportation system

— space warning system

— space weapon system

— space-based attack alarm system

— space-based counterspace and Earth target combat system

— space-based laser ABM system

— space-borne ABM system

— space-borne bomber IR detection and tracking system

— space-borne early warning system

— space-borne ICBM interception system

— space-borne ICBM launch system

— space-borne laser transmission system

— space-borne weapon system

— speech security system

— spent-case ejection system

— spherical coordinate system

— spinning and stabilization system

— spot report receiver system

— spread-spectrum communications system

— spurious emission detection system

— Squad Combat Optical Evaluation system

— stabilized line-of-sight sighting system

— stabilized sight fire control system

— Standard Civilian Personnel Management Information system

— Standard Installation/Division Personnel system

— standby selective service system

— standoff ECM system

— star aiming system

— star war weapon system

— state-of-the-art system

— stationary ground missile system

— Stealth-like ECM system

— stellar correction system

— stellar navigation system

— stores management system

— Strategic Army Communications system

— strategic communications satellite system

— strategic communications system

— strategic defensive weapon system

— strategic delivery system

— strategic interplanetary system

— strategic missile system

— strategic nuclear delivery system

— strategic nuclear weapon system

— strategic offensive weapon system

— strategic retaliatory system

— strategic satellite system

— strategic shipborne missile system

— strategic war reconnaissance system

— strategic warning system

— strategic weapon system

— strike system

— Submarine Integrated Battle and Data system

— submissile dispensing system

— submunitions delivery system

— superminiature laser communications system

— super-precision laser guidance system

— support system

— surface effects system

— surface rectangular coordinate system

— surface towed array surveillance system

— surface-to-air missile system

— surface-to-air self-defense missile system

— surveillance and detection system

— surveillance and target attack radar system

— surveillance satellite system

— surveying system

— survivable system

— suspense system

— switchless telephone system

— synchronous bombing sighting system

— synchronous satellite communications system

— synthetic flight training system

— system BM airborne launch control system

— tactical air control system

— tactical air crew training system

— tactical air defense automatic control system

— Tactical Air Force Intelligence Exploitation system

— tactical air reconnaissance pod system

— tactical air reconnaissance results reporting system

— tactical air support control system

— tactical airborne signal exploitation system

— tactical area communications system

— tactical automatic routing exchange system

— tactical automatic switching system

— tactical bridge access system

— tactical bridge egress system

— tactical communications system

— tactical computer system

— tactical computer-based message switching system

— tactical control system

— tactical electronic locating and targeting system

— tactical emitter location and identification system

— Tactical Emitter Operational Support system

— tactical EW deception system

— tactical expendable drone system

— tactical information organization system

— tactical information processing and interpretation system

— tactical jamming system

— tactical landing system

— tactical missile navigation system

— tactical nuclear delivery system

— tactical operations interactive simulation system

— tactical operations system

— tactical surface-to-surface weapon system

— tactical trunk communications system

— tail warning system

— tail-chase portable air defense missile system

— tank emergency fuel evacuation system

— tank engine exhaust smoke system

— tank fire control IR system

— tank fire control laser system

— tank gun line-of-sight reference stabilization system

— tank IFF system

— tank passive pitch and roll damping system

— tank self-protective smoke system

— tank self-screening smoke system

— tank target video tracking system

— tank weapon system

— tape-controlled automatic test and checkout system

— target illumination system

— target physical vulnerability analysis system

— target range system

— target recognition and attack multisensor system

— target search and track system

— target search IR system

— target system

— target trajectory registration system

— target-missile optical tracking AT guided missile system

— telegraph automatic relay system

— telemetry automated processing system

— telephone analyzing antibugging system

— teletype broadcast system

— terminal operations and movements management system

— terrain contour mapping aircraft positioning system

— terrain independent system

— terrain matching radio navigation system

— terrain navigation system

— terrain reconnaissance IR scanning system

— torpedo warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— torsion bars-in-torsion tubes suspension system

— total hospitalization system

— towed hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— towed low-level air defense system

— toxic alarm system

— tracked ammunition delivery system

— tracked vehicle-based missile system

— trailer relay system

— turnkey system

— two-tier information system

— vehicle gas overpressure system

— vehicle navigation system

— vehicle rapid fire weapon system

— vehicle smoke grenade system

— vehicular minefield bridging system

— velocity coordinate system

— verification system

— vertical delivery ship underway replenishment system

— vertical launching system

— vertical stowage system

— very intelligent surveillance and target acquisition system

— vibrational sensor guard alarm system

— visual warning system

— voice warning system

— voice-ciphering system

— voluntary recruitment system

— war weapon system

— warehoused system

— warfare system

— warhead pitch and yaw control nozzle system

— warning system

— wartime supply system

— waterborne vehicle trainer system

— weapons control system

— weapons delivery system

— weapons effects display system

— weapons locating system

— weapons support system

— weapons system

— wet secret writing system

— wheeled vehicle-based missile system

— wideband communications system

— wire system

— world geographic reference system

— worldwide ammunition reporting system

— worldwide navigation and position location system

— worldwide standard data management system

— X-ray ABM system

— X-Y system

English-Russian military dictionary > system
11 soldier

1. n солдат, рядовой

disabled soldier — инвалид войны

common soldier — рядовой

old soldier — бывший солдат

robot soldier — робот - солдат

tough soldier — стойкий солдат

fugitive soldier — беглый солдат

2. n военнослужащий, военный

career soldier — профессиональный военный, кадровый офицер

blanket soldier — военный полицейский

to marry a soldier — выйти замуж за военного

3. n возвыш. воин

in soldier fashion — по-воински, по-солдатски

horse soldier — кавалерист; конник; конный воин

4. n солдатик

to play tin soldiers — играть в оловянные солдатики

grass-green soldier — необстрелянный солдат

slack soldier — недисциплинированный солдат

dedicated soldier — высокосознательный солдат

peacekeeping soldier — солдат войск по поддержанию мира

a soldier on a pass — солдат, имеющий краткосрочный отпуск

5. n возвыш. боец, борец

soldiers in the cause of peace — борцы за дело мира

soldier on guard at the door — боец, стоящий на страже у дверей

6. n сл. копчёная селёдка

7. n энт. солдаты

soldier of fortune — солдат удачи

hardy soldier — закалённый солдат

intrepid soldier — бесстрашный солдат

to dress up as a soldier — одеться солдатом

the duties of a soldier — обязанности солдата

8. n краб; рак,

9. n сл. лодырь, бездельник

10. n амер. сл. рядовой мафии; боевик

11. v служить в армии; находиться, состоять на военной службе

I asked the soldier what his civilian occupation was — я спросил солдата, чем он занимался до армии

12. v исправно нести службу

to return a soldier as killed — внести солдата в список убитых

13. v сл. увиливать от работы; создавать видимость деятельности

14. v воен. жарг. чистить снаряжение

Синонимический ряд:

1. armed fighter (noun) armed fighter; cannon fodder; conscript; enlistee; grunt; pawn; recruit

2. fighter (noun) fighter; fighting man; GI; man-at-arms; serviceman; swad; trooper; veteran; warrior

3. private (noun) infantryman; private; sailor

Антонимический ряд:

civilian

English-Russian base dictionary > soldier
12 Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso

(1869-1951)

   Career army officer, one of the founders of the Estado Novo (1926-74), and the longest-serving president of the republic of that regime (1926-51). Born in Lisbon in 1869, the son of a career cavalry officer, Oscar Carmona entered the army in 1888 and became a lieutenant in 1894, in the same cavalry regiment in which his father had served. He rose rapidly, and became a general during the turbulent First Republic, briefly served as minister of war in 1923, and achieved public notoriety as prosecutor for the military in one of the famous trials of military personnel in an abortive 1925 coup. General Carmona was one of the key supporters of the 28 May 1926 military coup that overthrew the unstable republic and established the initially unstable military dictatorship (1926-33), which was the political system that founded the Estado Novo (1933-74).

   Carmona took power as president upon the ousting of the Twenty-eighth of May coup leader, General Gomes da Costa, and guided the military dictatorship through political and economic uncertainty until the regime settled upon empowering Antônio de Oliveira Salazar with extraordinary fiscal authority as minister of finance (April 1928). Elected in a managed election based on limited male suffrage in 1928, President Carmona served as the Dictatorship's president of the republic until his death in office in 1951 at age 81. In political creed a moderate republican not a monarchist, General (and later Marshal) Carmona played an essential role in the Dictatorship, which involved a division of labor between Dr. Salazar, who, as prime minister since July 1932 was responsible for the daily management of the government, and Carmona, who was responsible for managing civil-military relations in the system, maintaining smooth relations with Dr. Salazar, and keeping the armed forces officer corps in line and out of political intervention.

   Carmona's amiable personality and reputation for personal honesty, correctness, and hard work combined well with a friendly relationship with the civilian dictator Salazar. Especially in the period 1928-44, in his more vigorous years in the position, Carmona's role was vital in both the political and ceremonial aspects of his job. Car-mona's ability to balance the relationship with Salazar and the pressures and demands from a sometimes unhappy army officer corps that, following the civilianization of the regime in the early 1930s, could threaten military intervention in politics and government, was central to the operation of the regime.

   After 1944, however, Carmona was less effective in this role. His tiring ceremonial visits around Portugal, to the Atlantic Islands, and to the overseas empire became less frequent; younger generations of officers grew alienated from the regime; and Carmona suffered from the mental and physical ailments of old age. In the meantime, Salazar assumed the lion's share of political power and authority, all the while placing his own appointees in office. This, along with the regime's political police (PVDE or PIDE), Republican National Guard, and civil service, as well as a circle of political institutions that monopolized public office, privilege, and decision making, made Carmona's role as mediator-intermediary between the career military and the largely civilian-managed system significantly less important. Increasingly feeble and less aware of events around him, Carmona died in office in April 1951 and was replaced by Salazar's chosen appointee, General (and later Marshal) Francisco Craveiro Lopes, who was elected president of the republic in a regime-managed election.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso
13 reserve

резерв; второй эшелон; запас; выделять в резерв, оставлять в резерве

— active reserve

— advance guard reserve

— Air Force reserve

— airmobile reserve

— ammunition reserve

— antimechanized reserve

— Army Emergency reserve

— Army General reserve

— Army Organized reserve

— Army reserve

— Army Strategic reserve

— AT reserve

— authorized reserve

— auxiliary reserve

— base reserves

— battle reserve

— beach reserve

— bring up reserves

— call out of reserve

— Canadian Regional reserve

— civilian aviation MAC reserve

— class I reserve

— class II reserve

— class III reserve

— combat reserve

— combined arms reserve

— commit the reserve

— committed reserve

— constitute reserve

— continental US Army strategic reserve

— contingency reserve

— counterattack reserve

— countermove reserve

— depot weapon reserve

— DOD general industrial equipment reserves

— draw into reserve

— emergency reserve

— enlisted reserve

— establish reserve

— Fleet Marine Corps reserve

— flexible reserve

— fuel reserve

— general mobilization reserves

— general reserve

— helicopter AT reserve

— High Command reserve

— higher reserve

— hold out reserve

— home-based reserves

— immediate reserve

— immobile reserve

— inactive reserve

— Individual Personnel reserve

— individual ration reserve

— Individual Ready reserve

— Individual reserve

— initial reserve

— intelligence reserve

— keep reserve on tap

— landing reserve

— live storage reserve

— local reserve

— logistic reserve

— Long Term reserve

— maneuver reserve

— Marine Corps reserve

— Marine Volunteer reserve

— military intelligence reserve

— Militia Army Organized reserve

— mobile AT reserve

— mobile reserve

— mobile strategic reserve

— mobilizable reserve

— mobilization designation reserve

— Mobilization Organized reserve

— mobilization reserve

— national industrial plant reserve

— Naval Emergency reserve

— Naval petroleum reserves

— Naval Ready reserve

— Naval Retired reserve

— Naval Standby reserve

— Navy reserve

— nuclear reserve

— Officer Cadet reserve

— on-call reserve

— operational reserve

— Organized Air reserve

— Organized Marine Corps reserve

— Organized reserve

— outpost reserve

— pin down enemy reserves

— place in reserve

— prepositioned war reserves

— pretrained individual reserve

— Primary reserve

— principal reserve

— priority reserve

— protectable mobilization reserve

— RAF Volunteer reserve

— readiness reserve

— Ready reserve

— rear guard reserve

— reconstitute reserve

— Regular Air Force reserve

— Regular Army reserve of Officers

— Regular Army reserve

— regular reserve

— reinforcement reserve

— relegate to reserve

— reserve of fire

— Retired reserve

— revert to reserve

— RN Organized reserve

— RN Regular reserve

— RN reserve

— RN Volunteer reserve

— rolling reserve

— Royal Army reserve

— Royal Fleet reserve

— Royal Marine reserve

— saturate ammunition reserves

— scientific personnel reserve

— Selected Ready reserve

— Selected reserve

— sentry reserve

— shift reserve

— Special Army Volunteer reserve

— Special reserve

— stack up reserves

— Standby reserve

— stock reserve

— Strategic Land Force reserve

— strategic reserve

— supplementary reserve

— switch reserve

— tactical reserve

— tank-defeating reserve

— tank-heavy reserve

— Territorial Army and Volunteer reserve

— theater reserves

— theater US Army Command reserve

— tie up reserves

— uncommitted reserve

— unit reserve

— unorganized reserve

— war maintenance reserves

— war reserve nuclear

— war reserves

— Women's reserve

English-Russian military dictionary > reserve
14 COS

1) Компьютерная техника: Corba Object Service

2) Авиация: compressor autlet sensor

3) Медицина: Controlled Ovarian Stimulation (контролируемая стимуляция яичников), (controlled ovarian stimulation) контролируемая стимуляция яичников

4) Американизм: Chamber Of Secrets

5) Военный термин: Champions Of The Sea, Combat Operations Staff, Company Orderly Sergeant, Controller of Ordnance Services, Corps Support, Critical Operational Specialties, chief of section, chief of staff, chief of station, civilian occupational specialty, communications operation station, conceptual operational system, console operating system, Communications Segment (within CARS)

6) Техника: celestial observation satellite, code operated switch, coherent optical system, common-offset stack, cost of steam, crack-opening-stretch method

7) Шутливое выражение: Cult Of Spike

8) Религия: Christ Our Savior, Church Of Satan, Church Of Scientology

9) Бухгалтерия: cost of sales

10) Телекоммуникации: Class of Service (APPN)

11) Сокращение: Chamber of Shipping, Corsican, Countermine Operational Simulation, cosmic satellite

12) Университет: College Of Sciences, Community Of Science

13) Вычислительная техника: Cache Object Store, Corporation for Open Systems, Clip On Socket (CPU), Cassette Operating System (OS), Cray Operating System (OS, Cray), Commercial Operating System (OS, DEC, PDP 11), Card Operating System (OS, ICC), Concurrent Operating System (OS, UNIVAC 9200, UNIVAC 9300), Corporation for Open Systems (organization, OSI, User group), common object services, операционная система параллельного действия

14) Нефть: carbonyl sulfide, common offset stack, суммирование записей, объединённых общим расстоянием (common offset stack)

15) Онкология: Canadian Oncology Society

16) Картография: coast guard station

17) Геофизика: разрез равноудалённых трасс

18) Транспорт: City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport

19) Деловая лексика: оплата наличными при отгрузке (cash on shipment), call off schedule

20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: change of state

21) Нефтегазовая техника Carbonyl Sulphide

22) Сетевые технологии: Central Operating System, Compound Document Service, Corporation for Open System, Cost of Service, concurrent operating system, класс обслуживания, класс сервиса

23) Сахалин Ю: carbon oxide, carbon oxide sulphide

24) Расширение файла: Compatible Operating System

25) Должность: Chief Of Security

26) Чат: Change of Subject

27) Правительство: City Of Stirling

28) Аэропорты: City Of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA

29) НАСА: Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

30) Программное обеспечение: Computer Operating System

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > COS
15 COs

1) Компьютерная техника: Corba Object Service

2) Авиация: compressor autlet sensor

3) Медицина: Controlled Ovarian Stimulation (контролируемая стимуляция яичников), (controlled ovarian stimulation) контролируемая стимуляция яичников

4) Американизм: Chamber Of Secrets

5) Военный термин: Champions Of The Sea, Combat Operations Staff, Company Orderly Sergeant, Controller of Ordnance Services, Corps Support, Critical Operational Specialties, chief of section, chief of staff, chief of station, civilian occupational specialty, communications operation station, conceptual operational system, console operating system, Communications Segment (within CARS)

6) Техника: celestial observation satellite, code operated switch, coherent optical system, common-offset stack, cost of steam, crack-opening-stretch method

7) Шутливое выражение: Cult Of Spike

8) Религия: Christ Our Savior, Church Of Satan, Church Of Scientology

9) Бухгалтерия: cost of sales

10) Телекоммуникации: Class of Service (APPN)

11) Сокращение: Chamber of Shipping, Corsican, Countermine Operational Simulation, cosmic satellite

12) Университет: College Of Sciences, Community Of Science

13) Вычислительная техника: Cache Object Store, Corporation for Open Systems, Clip On Socket (CPU), Cassette Operating System (OS), Cray Operating System (OS, Cray), Commercial Operating System (OS, DEC, PDP 11), Card Operating System (OS, ICC), Concurrent Operating System (OS, UNIVAC 9200, UNIVAC 9300), Corporation for Open Systems (organization, OSI, User group), common object services, операционная система параллельного действия

14) Нефть: carbonyl sulfide, common offset stack, суммирование записей, объединённых общим расстоянием (common offset stack)

15) Онкология: Canadian Oncology Society

16) Картография: coast guard station

17) Геофизика: разрез равноудалённых трасс

18) Транспорт: City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport

19) Деловая лексика: оплата наличными при отгрузке (cash on shipment), call off schedule

20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: change of state

21) Нефтегазовая техника Carbonyl Sulphide

22) Сетевые технологии: Central Operating System, Compound Document Service, Corporation for Open System, Cost of Service, concurrent operating system, класс обслуживания, класс сервиса

23) Сахалин Ю: carbon oxide, carbon oxide sulphide

24) Расширение файла: Compatible Operating System

25) Должность: Chief Of Security

26) Чат: Change of Subject

27) Правительство: City Of Stirling

28) Аэропорты: City Of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA

29) НАСА: Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

30) Программное обеспечение: Computer Operating System

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > COs
16 CoS

1) Компьютерная техника: Corba Object Service

2) Авиация: compressor autlet sensor

3) Медицина: Controlled Ovarian Stimulation (контролируемая стимуляция яичников), (controlled ovarian stimulation) контролируемая стимуляция яичников

4) Американизм: Chamber Of Secrets

5) Военный термин: Champions Of The Sea, Combat Operations Staff, Company Orderly Sergeant, Controller of Ordnance Services, Corps Support, Critical Operational Specialties, chief of section, chief of staff, chief of station, civilian occupational specialty, communications operation station, conceptual operational system, console operating system, Communications Segment (within CARS)

6) Техника: celestial observation satellite, code operated switch, coherent optical system, common-offset stack, cost of steam, crack-opening-stretch method

7) Шутливое выражение: Cult Of Spike

8) Религия: Christ Our Savior, Church Of Satan, Church Of Scientology

9) Бухгалтерия: cost of sales

10) Телекоммуникации: Class of Service (APPN)

11) Сокращение: Chamber of Shipping, Corsican, Countermine Operational Simulation, cosmic satellite

12) Университет: College Of Sciences, Community Of Science

13) Вычислительная техника: Cache Object Store, Corporation for Open Systems, Clip On Socket (CPU), Cassette Operating System (OS), Cray Operating System (OS, Cray), Commercial Operating System (OS, DEC, PDP 11), Card Operating System (OS, ICC), Concurrent Operating System (OS, UNIVAC 9200, UNIVAC 9300), Corporation for Open Systems (organization, OSI, User group), common object services, операционная система параллельного действия

14) Нефть: carbonyl sulfide, common offset stack, суммирование записей, объединённых общим расстоянием (common offset stack)

15) Онкология: Canadian Oncology Society

16) Картография: coast guard station

17) Геофизика: разрез равноудалённых трасс

18) Транспорт: City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport

19) Деловая лексика: оплата наличными при отгрузке (cash on shipment), call off schedule

20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: change of state

21) Нефтегазовая техника Carbonyl Sulphide

22) Сетевые технологии: Central Operating System, Compound Document Service, Corporation for Open System, Cost of Service, concurrent operating system, класс обслуживания, класс сервиса

23) Сахалин Ю: carbon oxide, carbon oxide sulphide

24) Расширение файла: Compatible Operating System

25) Должность: Chief Of Security

26) Чат: Change of Subject

27) Правительство: City Of Stirling

28) Аэропорты: City Of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA

29) НАСА: Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

30) Программное обеспечение: Computer Operating System

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CoS
17 Cos

1) Компьютерная техника: Corba Object Service

2) Авиация: compressor autlet sensor

3) Медицина: Controlled Ovarian Stimulation (контролируемая стимуляция яичников), (controlled ovarian stimulation) контролируемая стимуляция яичников

4) Американизм: Chamber Of Secrets

5) Военный термин: Champions Of The Sea, Combat Operations Staff, Company Orderly Sergeant, Controller of Ordnance Services, Corps Support, Critical Operational Specialties, chief of section, chief of staff, chief of station, civilian occupational specialty, communications operation station, conceptual operational system, console operating system, Communications Segment (within CARS)

6) Техника: celestial observation satellite, code operated switch, coherent optical system, common-offset stack, cost of steam, crack-opening-stretch method

7) Шутливое выражение: Cult Of Spike

8) Религия: Christ Our Savior, Church Of Satan, Church Of Scientology

9) Бухгалтерия: cost of sales

10) Телекоммуникации: Class of Service (APPN)

11) Сокращение: Chamber of Shipping, Corsican, Countermine Operational Simulation, cosmic satellite

12) Университет: College Of Sciences, Community Of Science

13) Вычислительная техника: Cache Object Store, Corporation for Open Systems, Clip On Socket (CPU), Cassette Operating System (OS), Cray Operating System (OS, Cray), Commercial Operating System (OS, DEC, PDP 11), Card Operating System (OS, ICC), Concurrent Operating System (OS, UNIVAC 9200, UNIVAC 9300), Corporation for Open Systems (organization, OSI, User group), common object services, операционная система параллельного действия

14) Нефть: carbonyl sulfide, common offset stack, суммирование записей, объединённых общим расстоянием (common offset stack)

15) Онкология: Canadian Oncology Society

16) Картография: coast guard station

17) Геофизика: разрез равноудалённых трасс

18) Транспорт: City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport

19) Деловая лексика: оплата наличными при отгрузке (cash on shipment), call off schedule

20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: change of state

21) Нефтегазовая техника Carbonyl Sulphide

22) Сетевые технологии: Central Operating System, Compound Document Service, Corporation for Open System, Cost of Service, concurrent operating system, класс обслуживания, класс сервиса

23) Сахалин Ю: carbon oxide, carbon oxide sulphide

24) Расширение файла: Compatible Operating System

25) Должность: Chief Of Security

26) Чат: Change of Subject

27) Правительство: City Of Stirling

28) Аэропорты: City Of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA

29) НАСА: Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

30) Программное обеспечение: Computer Operating System

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Cos
18 GC

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Genetic Compound, ГК (Group of Companies)

2) Компьютерная техника: Generic Context, Global Cache

3) Авиация: Graphics Controller

4) Американизм: Green Card, Guest's Copyright

5) Спорт: Game Conference, Game Coordinator, Games Conference, Governor's Cup, Grand Champion, Guard Crush

6) Военный термин: Gaining Command, Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, George Cross, Good Conduct, Grand Commander командующий, Green Camouflage, Guards Coldstream, general circular, general cueing, generic code, ground and control, ground control, ground crew, ground-controlled, group captain, guidance computer, guidance control, gun camera, gun captain, gun carriage, gun control, gyro compass

7) Техника: gain control, gate circuit, gate current, generic communication, global control, grounded collector, grounded condenser, group on computers, guidance and control, gyro control, gyrocompass

8) Железнодорожный термин: Georgia Central Railway L. P.

9) Юридический термин: Grandfather Clause, Grasp Corpus, NAFO General Council

10) Бухгалтерия: Gizmo Cost

11) Горное дело: Управления горным давлением или горным массивом (ground control)

12) Кино: General Cinema

13) Металлургия: оцинкованная сталь в рулонах (galvanized coils)

14) Музыка: Good Charlotte, Grand Concert

15) Оптика: gas chromatography

16) Политика: Democratic Republic of Germany (уст.)

17) Телекоммуникации: Global Communications

18) Сокращение: Garbage Collection (LISP), Gas Chromatograph (or Chromatography), General Conference, General Council, Golf Club, Gun Controller, gun-cotton, Germany (NATO country code; former Soviet Zone)

19) Университет: General Chemistry

20) Физиология: General condition, Gonococcal

21) Электроника: Gravimetric Calibrator, Ground Compensation

22) Вычислительная техника: game computer, garbage collector, garbage-collect, Garbage Collection (LISP), Global Catalog (MS, AD), Gas Chromatograph (or Chromatography), garbage collection, garbage collector

23) Нефть: gas and condensate, gas cut, газированный (gas-cut)

24) Цитология: chocolate agar

25) Онкология: Granulosa Cell

26) Фирменный знак: General Cable

27) Бурение: газовая хроматография (gas chromatography)

28) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: метод газовой хроматографии (Gas Chromatography)

29) Образование: EduNET Georgia College Educators' Network, General Construction, Generational Curriculum

30) ЕБРР: General Counsel

31) Полимеры: glass cloth

32) Автоматика: grinding center

33) Океанография: Gas Chromatograph

34) Сахалин Ю: grade code

35) Велосипеды: генеральная классификация (в велогонках)

36) Нефть и газ: Северное побережье Мексиканского залива

37) Карачаганак: gauge cutter (Карачаганак, Rigless &, WireLine)

38) Общественная организация: Gilda's Club

39) Должность: Good Candidates

40) Чат: Get Crazy, Good Call

41) Правительство: Green Canyon, Greater Charlotte (North Carolina)

42) НАСА: Global Catalog

43) Хобби: Gold Coins, Great Coin

44) Единицы измерений: Galactic Coordinates

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > GC
19 GS

1) Компьютерная техника: Getting Started, Global Send, Global Service, Graphics And Sound

2) Американизм: Gas Standard, General Standard, Government Sector

3) Спорт: Game Shares, Game Spot, Gaming Surface, Gaming System, Goal Shooter, Grand Slam, Grand Sport, Great Shot

4) Военный термин: General, General Staff, (2) General Support, Geological Survey, German Submarine, Ghost Soldiers, Gold Stripes, Good Shot, Government Civilian, Great Snipers, Great Soldiers, gasoline supply, general schedule, general service, general stores, grade system, ground speed, ground support, ground surveillance, guidance simulator, guidance station, guidance system, gunnery school, gunnery sergeant, gunnery support, Government Service (Federal Civil Service)

5) Техника: Geological Society, gas chromatography, gas signal, gateway switch, general search, general shot, gland seal, gland steam system, glide slope receiver, gram per second, graphic system, gray scale, green strength, guidance section, gyrostabilizer

6) Сельское хозяйство: growth stage (фаза роста и развития (растения), например GS30, GS21 to GS59)

7) Шутливое выражение: Ghost Sweeper

8) Химия: Gold And Silver

9) Математика: Gauss Seidell, General Solution, Graph Substitution

10) Юридический термин: Gang Suppression

11) Биржевой термин: Got Savings, Growing Stock

12) Ветеринария: German Shepherd

13) Грубое выражение: Go Sexy, Goddamned Slow

14) Металлургия: оцинкованная сталь в листах (galvanized sheets)

15) Музыка: Group Sounds, Guitar Steel

16) Радио: Ground State

17) Телекоммуникации: Ground Start, Generic Standards

18) Сокращение: General Secretary, General Staff, Glide Slope, Government Service, Grammar School, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, general support, government stock (s)

19) Текстиль: Gallery Special, Girls Sandal, God Sized, Guy Special

20) Университет: Graduate School, Graduate Student, Graduation Standard

21) Физика: Gamma Stable, Glazed Surfaces

22) Электроника: Game Sounds, Graphics Sound

23) Вычислительная техника: general station, grayscale, General Standard (MIDI), генеральный стандарт, шкала серого цвета

24) Нефть: gas show, Геологическое общество (США), газовая хроматография (gas chromatography), газопроявления (gas showings), признаки газа (gas showings), ГУ (групповая установка) (Gathering Station)

25) Космонавтика: Geological Survey (USA)

26) Картография: guard station

27) Банковское дело: государственные облигации, государственные ценные бумаги (government stocks)

28) Транспорт: Goes Slow, Grand Sports, Gravel Street, Great Sedan

29) Пищевая промышленность: Green Stuffing

30) Фирменный знак: Gas Station, Gentoo Stable, Gift Shop, Goldman Sachs, Graphical Solutions

31) Экология: groundwater station

32) Деловая лексика: General Satisfaction, Good Service, Guaranteed Service

33) Бурение: газопроявление (gas show)

34) Инвестиции: government stocks

35) Сетевые технологии: Gateway Server, Global Server, Global Shared, ground station, group separator, разделитель групп

36) Полимеры: German silver

37) Океанография: Gulf Shelf

38) Сахалин Ю: sour gas

39) Сахалин А: gas chromatograph

40) Макаров: gyroscope

41) Расширение файла: Gofer script (Haskell language dialect)

42) Нефть и газ: gas supply (m3/day), подача газа, поставка газа

43) Строительные материалы: grade strength

44) Электротехника: generator simulator

45) Имена и фамилии: George Schmidt, George Stanford, Gordon Smith

46) Компьютерные игры: Great sword

47) Общественная организация: Guild Statistics

48) Должность: Gender Studies, General Studies, Gun Smith

49) Чат: Good And Slow, Good Seeing, Goto Sleep

50) Правительство: Garden State, Golden State

51) NYSE. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.

52) НАСА: Ground System

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > GS
20 Gc

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Genetic Compound, ГК (Group of Companies)

2) Компьютерная техника: Generic Context, Global Cache

3) Авиация: Graphics Controller

4) Американизм: Green Card, Guest's Copyright

5) Спорт: Game Conference, Game Coordinator, Games Conference, Governor's Cup, Grand Champion, Guard Crush

6) Военный термин: Gaining Command, Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, George Cross, Good Conduct, Grand Commander командующий, Green Camouflage, Guards Coldstream, general circular, general cueing, generic code, ground and control, ground control, ground crew, ground-controlled, group captain, guidance computer, guidance control, gun camera, gun captain, gun carriage, gun control, gyro compass

7) Техника: gain control, gate circuit, gate current, generic communication, global control, grounded collector, grounded condenser, group on computers, guidance and control, gyro control, gyrocompass

8) Железнодорожный термин: Georgia Central Railway L. P.

9) Юридический термин: Grandfather Clause, Grasp Corpus, NAFO General Council

10) Бухгалтерия: Gizmo Cost

11) Горное дело: Управления горным давлением или горным массивом (ground control)

12) Кино: General Cinema

13) Металлургия: оцинкованная сталь в рулонах (galvanized coils)

14) Музыка: Good Charlotte, Grand Concert

15) Оптика: gas chromatography

16) Политика: Democratic Republic of Germany (уст.)

17) Телекоммуникации: Global Communications

18) Сокращение: Garbage Collection (LISP), Gas Chromatograph (or Chromatography), General Conference, General Council, Golf Club, Gun Controller, gun-cotton, Germany (NATO country code; former Soviet Zone)

19) Университет: General Chemistry

20) Физиология: General condition, Gonococcal

21) Электроника: Gravimetric Calibrator, Ground Compensation

22) Вычислительная техника: game computer, garbage collector, garbage-collect, Garbage Collection (LISP), Global Catalog (MS, AD), Gas Chromatograph (or Chromatography), garbage collection, garbage collector

23) Нефть: gas and condensate, gas cut, газированный (gas-cut)

24) Цитология: chocolate agar

25) Онкология: Granulosa Cell

26) Фирменный знак: General Cable

27) Бурение: газовая хроматография (gas chromatography)

28) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: метод газовой хроматографии (Gas Chromatography)

29) Образование: EduNET Georgia College Educators' Network, General Construction, Generational Curriculum

30) ЕБРР: General Counsel

31) Полимеры: glass cloth

32) Автоматика: grinding center

33) Океанография: Gas Chromatograph

34) Сахалин Ю: grade code

35) Велосипеды: генеральная классификация (в велогонках)

36) Нефть и газ: Северное побережье Мексиканского залива

37) Карачаганак: gauge cutter (Карачаганак, Rigless &, WireLine)

38) Общественная организация: Gilda's Club

39) Должность: Good Candidates

40) Чат: Get Crazy, Good Call

41) Правительство: Green Canyon, Greater Charlotte (North Carolina)

42) НАСА: Global Catalog

43) Хобби: Gold Coins, Great Coin

44) Единицы измерений: Galactic Coordinates

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Gc

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Civilian control of the military — is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country s strategic decision making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. One author, paraphrasing… … Wikipedia
Civilian decorations of the United States — are civil decorations of the United States of America which are bestowed by various agencies of the United States government for acts of accomplishment benefiting the nation as a whole. Contrary to the awards and decorations of the United States… … Wikipedia
Civilian Marksmanship Program — The Civilian Marksmanship Program (CMP) is a U.S. government chartered program that promotes firearms safety training and rifle practice for all qualified U.S. citizens with special emphasis on youth. Any U.S. citizen who is not legally… … Wikipedia
Guard of Honor — infobox Book | name = Guard of Honor title orig = translator = image caption = Hardback 1st edition cover author = James Gould Cozzens illustrator = cover artist = country = United States language = English series = genre = Novel publisher =… … Wikipedia
Civilian casualties in the Second Intifada — Contents 1 Israeli non combatant casualties 2 Palestinian non combatant casualties 3 Western casualties in the Second Intifada 3.1 Casualties by Israel … Wikipedia
Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict — This article covers the civilian casualties and displacements that occurred between 1963 and 1975 from the outbreak of the intercommunal fighting until the end of displacements following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Contents 1 1963 64: Turkish … Wikipedia
Civilian Personnel Records Center — The Civilian Personnel Records Center (NPRC CPR) houses the Official Personnel Folders (OPF) and Employee Medical Folders (EMF) of separated United States Federal civilian employees. CPR also houses personnel documents that date back to the mid… … Wikipedia
civil guard — civilian unit for the defense of a settlement from the rear, citizens group designed to protect a residential area on the home front … English contemporary dictionary
United States Coast Guard — portal Active 4 August 1790–present … Wikipedia
Coast guard — For the 2002 South Korean film, see The Coast Guard (film). U.S. Coast Guard medium endurance cutter Vigilant (WMEC 617) … Wikipedia
6941st Guard Battalion — Wappen 6941st Gd Bn. Wahlspruch: On Guard! Das 6941st Guard Battalion in Berlin war eine von den US Streitkräften während der Besatzung Berlins durch die alliierten Streitkräfte, nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und während des Kalten Krieges,… … Deutsch Wikipedia

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civilian guard

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civilian guard

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